Collections: Liability for Charges above the Credit Limit - Part I

     A client recently asked me to write about situations where a customer makes retail purchases for products in an amount greater than the customer’s established credit limit – specifically, if the customer later fails to pay for the product, can he be successfully sued for payment.
     I will review this situation with four varying fact patterns in two separate issues.
     Fact Pattern One: When the retail account was originally opened, the credit limit (stated in a letter to the customer) was set at $4,000. The credit terms in the credit application state the applicant agrees "to pay any and all sums that may become payable under this account". During the next several years the credit limit was increased to $6,000. Normally no notification is sent of the increase, but in this case a letter was sent to the customer notifying the customer of the credit limit increase. Customer makes charges up to $6,000, but fails to make full payment. Retailer sues customer for the amount owed, let us say that it is $6,000. Customer raises the defense that charges above the credit limit should not have been allowed. Customer’s attorney does not have a copy of the letter increasing the credit limit, but produces the original letter opening the account with a $4,000 credit limit. Customer’s attorney argues that the retailer was the one who set the credit limit at $4,000, and by not exercising due diligence of his business, allowed the credit limit to be exceeded. Customer’s attorney argues that his client's liability should not exceed $4,000, while the retailer argues that the liability should be $6,000. In what amount should the retailer be able to judgment against the customer?
     In an actual case in Seattle, Washington, the trial judge was ready to grant the request for a reduction in liability to $4,000. However, since the retailer had his customer file folder with him and found the letter increasing the credit limit to $6,000, the judge granted the retailer judgment in the amount of $6,000.
     Fact Pattern Two: When the retail account was originally opened, the credit limit (stated in a letter to the customer) was set at $4,000. The credit terms in the credit application state the applicant agrees "to pay any and all sums that may become payable under this account". Despite the credit limit, customer is allowed to makes charges over the $4,000 limit. Later customer fails to make full payment. Retailer sues customer for the amount owed, let us say that it is $6,000. Customer raises the defense that charges above the credit limit should not have been allowed. In what amount should the retailer be able to judgment against the customer?
     In Ingram Micro Inc. v. ABC Management Technology Solutions, LLC the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia held that a creditor was entitled to recover payment of an unpaid debt because the debt was within the scope of the continuing guaranty agreement. The agreement clearly included a guaranty of all debts. Further, the court reiterated a contractual principal that when an agreement is complete, clear, and unambiguous on its face, it must be enforced according to the plain meaning of its terms and the intent of the contracting parties.
     In this fact pattern, the original agreement stated that the applicant agrees “to pay any and all sums that may become payable under this account”. This agreement was intended to cover credit up to $4,000. However, the agreement is also likely to cover any and all other debts over the original credit limit if it can be shown that the intent of the contracting parties as expressed through the contractual language was to include any debts incurred after the credit application was accepted.
     Next week's Blog will address the next two fact patterns.

Foreclosure: Obtaining Possession After Foreclosure

     Upon purchasing property at a foreclosure sale, it is not uncommon to have a “holdover tenant”. If this occurs, you can obtain possession of the property by filing a Summons for Unlawful Detainer in the appropriate General District Court. The applicable statute requires that the plaintiff prove “a right to the possession of the premises at the time of the commencement of the suit.” The only evidence that is usually required is (a) a copy of the recorded trustee’s deed, since the facts recited therein are prima facie evidence of their truth, and (b) a copy of the notice to vacate sent to the occupant(s).
     On the date of the initial return, if the defendant fails to appear, possession will be granted. If the matter is contested, most courts set a new date for trial. In contested cases, issues are usually related to notice and service, so the trustee should be prepared to present evidence that the foreclosure sale was properly advertised, noticed and conducted.
     The judgment for possession is not final until 10 days after it is entered, and most courts will not issue a writ of possession during that 10-day pendency. If an appeal is noted within the 10-day period, the defendant must perfect the appeal by posting an appeal bond and paying within 30 days of the date of the judgment the applicable writ and service fees for the circuit court. Most judges are sympathetic to require significant appeal bonds equating with the former mortgage payments.
     Eviction is accomplished using a “Request for Writ of Possession.” A writ of possession may be issued on an unlawful detainer for up to one year from the date of judgment. When requesting the writ of possession, provide contact information for both the Sheriff and the person who will supervise the eviction of the new owner; the Sheriff will coordinate a date and time to serve the writ of possession and maintain the peace while the owner physically evicts the personal property of the occupant(s) and secures the property.

Real Estate: Using Deeds of Trust to Secure Your First, Second, Equity Line or Refinance Home Loans

     In the last edition of Creditor News we began a discussion of the benefits of using real estate to improve creditors’ positions. As I have emphasized, properly securing debts through real estate could make the difference between collecting the funds and incurring a loss. In this edition, we will review the benefits of securing your first, second, equity line or refinance home loans with a deed of trust.
     Real estate liens provide important security for your debt. Since real estate is the largest investment and asset for most individuals, they will usually make every effort to pay debts secured by their real estate first. However, you need to know the chain of title in order to make an informed decision about your loan. Specifically, in what position will your lien be? Are there any “clouds” on the title? You will not know the answer to these questions without a proper title search and review.
     Once you know your position you will need to examine the available equity to cover your loan. What is the value? What are the balances due on the liens ahead of your anticipated position? Beyond the business decision of determining when the equity is sufficient for your risk tolerance, in order to take advantage of the “$1.00 rule” in the bankruptcy code for chapter 13 cases (should your debtor decide to later file bankruptcy), you need to ensure that there is at least $1.00 in equity to cover the loan. You should take into consideration that property values may go down (e.g., 2008 to present).
     If the deal is made and the real estate closing occurs, immediate and proper recording of your deed of trust is essential to preserve your position. If the debtor defaults, foreclosure on the property can occur. If the debtor seeks reorganization of his debt in chapter 13, you can seek full payment of the debt.
     We have experienced attorneys and staff who can examine title and properly represent your interests in real estate closings.

Bankruptcy: Fighting Chapter 7 Abuse

     The Eight Circuit Court of Appeals in U.S. Trustee v. Ronald M. and Rhonda J. Harris holds that debtors filing for bankruptcy under Chapter 7 may be disqualified from filing if they have the ability to repay all or part of their debts pursuant to a Chapter 13 plan. The Appellate Court held that a bankruptcy court may dismiss a Chapter 7 filing under the substantial abuse provision of the bankruptcy code if the debtor could qualify to file under Chapter 13.
     Creditors should utilize this in the fight to curb abusive filings of Chapter 7 petitions, and in the pursuit of debt reaffirmations.

Foreclosure: Foreclosure Sale Deficiency Actions

     Frequently there will be a deficiency balance after the sale is completed and the accounting is done. The account of sale will set forth the distribution of the sale proceeds and also establish any amounts remaining due on the indebtedness following application of the net proceeds from the foreclosure sale. This deficiency amount is usually recovered by a personal judgment against the maker of the promissory note or other obligors on the indebtedness that was secured by the deed of trust. An action to recover the deficiency balance remaining after a foreclosure sale need not be brought on the chancery side of the court, and may properly be brought as an action at law. A plaintiff’s action to recover on an assumed promissory note may be maintained as an action at law even though the plaintiff is not named in the deed of trust.